Process for friction stir welding including a mobile counter-bearing

ABSTRACT

System for friction stir welding of two parts which includes a welding unit which includes at least one welding head fitted with a rotating pin and a counter-bearing unit which has a support surface to support the parts against a pressure exerted by the welding head, and wherein each welding head can be moved relative to the support surface in a first direction parallel to an axis of rotation of the rotating pin and in a second direction orthogonal to the axis of rotation, and wherein the support surface can be moved in the second direction and is formed of two coaxial clamp rollers which are set apart from each other.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of and claims priority to U.S. Ser. No.14/015,083 filed Aug. 30, 2013, which claims the benefit of and priorityto French Patent Application No. FR 12 58393, filed Sep. 7, 2012, theentire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a system and process for assembling twoparts by the technique of friction stir welding (FSW).

The invention finds application in particular in the fixing ofstiffeners on aircraft panels, in particular panels of aeroplanes.

The panels concerned by the inventions may be fuselage panels, wingsurface panels or tail assembly panels, or yet again panels which formpart of a storage tank or a landing gear compartment, or any other typeof panel.

The stiffeners fixed to these panels may in particular be fuselagecircumferential frames, fuselage longitudinal stringers or stiffeners,wing or tail assembly spars or ribs, floor cross-members or floor railsetc.

BACKGROUND

The technique referred to as Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is known, ingeneral, for making fast durable mechanical joints which allow forces topass between assembled parts with an efficiency which is at leastequivalent to that achieved using a conventional riveted joint.

This technique, shown schematically in FIG. 1, uses a welding devicewhich includes at least one welding head 10, which includes a rotatingpin 12, a shoulder 14, which extends to the base of the rotating pin 12and which has a diameter which is typically equal between 2 and 2.5times the mean diameter of this rotating pin 12.

Friction stir welding of two parts 16 a, 16 b involves introducing therotating pin 12 into the two parts at the joint interface 18 between thelatter until the shoulder 14 makes contact with the surface of each ofthe parts 16 a, 16 b. This introduction of the rotating pin 12 into thematerial making up the parts 16 a, 16 b, is made possible by localsoftening of this material as a result of the heating produced by thefriction of the rotating pin 12 against the two parts 16 a and 16 b. Thedough-like state of the material of the parts 16 a, 16 b around therotating pin 12 then allows this rotating pin to move along the jointinterface 18. The rotation of the rotating pin 12, as well as, ifappropriate, that of the shoulder 14, causes mixing of the material inthe dough-like state.

The extrusion caused by the rotating pin 12 and the forging effectproduced by the shoulder thus gradually results in the formation of aweld bead. This weld bead takes the form of a new metallurgicalstructure common to the two materials, formed as a result ofrecovery-recrystallization, which thus guarantees good cohesion of thetwo parts 16 a, 16 b after cooling.

As shown schematically in FIG. 2, a counter-pressure is applied on theface of each part 16 a, 16 b opposite the welding head 10, using acounter-form 20, in order to counteract the pressure exerted by therotating pin 12. Such a counter-form sometimes incorporates a coolingdevice which allows part of the heat generated by the friction to beremoved. This, in general, improves the mechanical properties of theparts after welding. Such a cooling device takes the form, for example,of channels 21 which are incorporated in the counter-form 20 and inwhich a heat-transfer fluid flows.

The friction stir welding technique allows so-called “butt” welding tobe carried out, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, in which the axis of therotating pin 12 is locally parallel to the joint interface between theparts to be assembled.

This technique also allows so-called “transparency” welding to becarried out, in which the axis of the rotating pin 12 is locallyorthogonal to the joint interface between the parts to be assembled. Inthis case one of the parts to be assembled is interposed between thewelding head and the other part to be assembled.

The friction stir welding technique in particular exhibits the advantageof being carried out below the melting point of the constituent materialof the parts to be assembled, which in particular avoids problemsassociated with re-solidification and which usually occur with otherwelding techniques.

This technique, in addition, offers the advantage of not requiring anyfiller materials, and of not causing any emission of polluting fumes.

Furthermore the speed at which the welding device moves along the jointinterface of the parts to be assembled may reach 2 meters per minute, sothat this welding technique allows parts to be assembled quickly and atreduced cost.

This welding technique in addition offers possibilities for high levelsof automation.

Nevertheless, known friction stir welding processes do possessdrawbacks.

The counter-form used must be manufactured to strict dimensionaltolerances in order to fit against the surfaces to be assembled asclosely as possible, in the case of butt welding or against one of theparts to be assembled in the case of transparency welding.

If this is not the case then the dimensions of the parts to be assembledmust be adjusted beforehand, for example by means of mechanicalmachining, so that they match the geometry of the counter-form asclosely as possible.

Furthermore level of the forces exerted by the welding head may reachseveral tonnes, so that the counter-form must in general be of largemass, especially when the parts to be assembled have a curved form, forexample in the case of the assembly of a circumferential frame 22 ontoan aircraft fuselage panel 24 as shown in longitudinal section in FIG.3. Such a circumferential frame 22 includes a flange 26 which issubstantially cylindrical in shape applied onto a fuselage panel 24, aswell as a web 30 which extends substantially orthogonally to thebase-plate 26.

Furthermore the mass of the counter-form will be greater and morecomplex to manufacture if it includes a cooling device which has to becapable of extracting significant quantities of heat.

SUMMARY

One aim of the invention is in particular to provide a simple, economicand efficient solution to these problems, allowing at least some of theabove mentioned disadvantages to be avoided.

To this end the invention proposes a friction stir welding system forwelding at least two parts to be assembled, which includes:

-   -   a welding unit which includes a welding device which includes at        least one welding head provided with a rotating pin;    -   one counter-bearing unit which offers a support surface designed        to support the parts to be assembled against a pressure exerted        by each said welding head;

and wherein each said welding head can be moved relative to said supportsurface of said counter-bearing unit, in a direction parallel to an axisof rotation of said rotating pin of the welding head, and each saidwelding head can be moved along a second direction which is orthogonalto the axis of rotation of the rotating pin of said welding head.

Furthermore, the counter-bearing unit includes means for moving saidsupport surface along said second direction.

Such means of movement allow the support surface to be keptsubstantially opposite the welding head during displacement of thelatter in said second direction.

This second direction may in effect be a direction tangential to theoverall trajectory followed by said welding head during theimplementation of a welding process using the present system. For thisreason said second direction will be called the “direction of welding”in what is to follow.

When said welding head, initially outside the parts to be assembled, ismoved along said first direction towards the parts to be assembled, therotating pin of this welding head can penetrate into the materialforming said parts, as will become clearer in what is to follow. Forthis reason, said first direction will sometimes be called the“direction of penetration” in the rest of the present description.

By proposing the use of a support surface which can move along thedirection of welding, the invention avoids recourse to a massivecounter-form of the type usually used, something which is particularlyadvantageous for the welding of curved parts.

Furthermore, the possibility of relative movement of the support surfaceand of the welding head along said first direction allows an optimalcounter pressure against the pressure exerted by the welding head to beachieved, whilst still allowing a reduction in the need for dimensionalprecision of the support surface and for prior adjustment of the partsto be assembled.

It should be noted that the welding system according to the inventionmay, in general, be used to carry out butt welding as well astransparency welding.

The counter-bearing unit is preferably designed so as to allow saidsupport surface to roll on one of the parts to be assembled. Suchrolling may in effect be expressed as overall displacement of thesupport surface along the direction of welding.

According to the invention the counter-bearing unit includes two clamprollers set apart from each other and which have a common axis ofrevolution which is substantially orthogonal to said first direction andto said second direction or direction of welding, each of said clamprollers having a main circumferential track which forms at least onepart of said support surface.

This configuration is particularly advantageous when one of the parts tobe assembled is a stiffener which has a flange and a web, and when thewelding system is used to carry out transparency welding of the flangeof the stiffener onto another part, where the latter, for example takesthe form of a panel.

In effect the clamp rollers perform the function of a support surfaceagainst the pressure exerted by said welding head, whilst allowing theweb of such a stiffener to pass between the clamp rollers.

This configuration is therefore particularly advantageous when the webof the stiffener involved is substantially central in relation to theflange of the stiffener.

In general, such clamp rollers in particular offer the advantage ofbeing able to incorporate a low-cost heat exchange device of simpledesign to allow effective cooling of the parts during welding.

Alternatively, such cooling may be carried out by spraying coolant ontothe welding zone, for example by means of an additional robot providedfor this purpose, or by immersion of the entire welding installation ina tank filled with a heat-exchange fluid, all without leaving the scopeof the invention.

It should be noted that said support surface is preferably entirelyformed of the respective main circumferential tracks of said clamprollers.

Furthermore the clamp rollers can advantageously rotate about theircommon axis of rotation.

The clamp rollers are therefore capable of rolling over one of the partsto be assembled in order to allow said support surface to de displacedas a whole along said direction of welding.

In this case the axis of revolution of the clamp rollers forms an axisof rotation for the clamp rollers.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention the counter-bearing unitincludes means of making one clamp-roller move towards the other.

This configuration in particular therefore allows the clamp rollers tosandwich the web of a stiffener whilst their respective maincircumferential tracks are pressed against one flange of the stiffener.

This facilitates in particular the centring of such a stiffener when itis being welded onto another part.

Said means making one clamp roller move in the direction of the otherinclude for example two support arms which respectively carry said clamprollers.

In this case, in order to allow the clamp rollers to be made to movetowards each other the counter-bearing unit preferably includes meansfor moving one of said support arms in the direction of the other.

These means for moving the support arms may be for example incorporatedin a robotic arm.

Furthermore, each clamp roller is advantageously mounted so that itrotates on the corresponding support arm.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, each of the clamp rollershas a circumferential shoulder protruding radially outwards, whichdelimits a lateral end of said main circumferential track of the clamproller on the side facing the other clamp roller.

In the case of transparency welding of the two parts to be assembled,such a circumferential shoulder can contribute to the confinement andforming of the material forming a first of said parts, against which ispressed the support surface jointly formed by the respective maincircumferential tracks of the clamp rollers.

Making each clamp roller move in the direction of the other clamp rollermay, in effect, allow the shoulder of the clamp roller to be pressedagainst the edge of said first part.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, each of said clamp rollershas a secondary circumferential track connected to said maincircumferential track of said clamp roller through said circumferentialshoulder of the clamp roller.

In the case of transparency welding of the two parts to be assembled,the secondary circumferential track of each clamp roller can beadvantageously pressed onto a second of said parts, corresponding to thepart found on the welding device side of the welding unit.

This configuration reinforces the confinement effect of the materialprovided by each clamp roller, as will become clearer in what is tofollow.

In general the welding system according to the invention furthermorepreferably includes a non-destructive inspection device carried by thewelding unit and/or a non-destructive inspection device carried by thecounter support.

Such a non-destructive inspection device controls the quality of theweld bead on-line, quickly and automatically.

In this case the welding system preferably includes in addition a repairdevice carried by the welding unit.

The non-destructive inspection device is then arranged between theaforementioned welding device and the repair device, allowing for thedirection of welding.

Such a repair device includes a second welding device designed to carryout local re-work of the welding of the components to be assembled whena defect in the previously made weld bead is detected by thenon-destructive inspection device.

The repair device avoids the welding device having to travel in reversewhen a defect is detected, as will be more clearly shown in what is tofollow.

In addition the welding system advantageously includes an anti-corrosiontreatment device carried by the welding unit and/or an anti-corrosiontreatment device carried by the counter-bearing unit.

Such an anti-corrosion treatment device is used to apply ananti-corrosion treatment onto the weld bead, if required, afterinspection of the weld bead and after any repairs to the latter.

The invention also relates to a friction stir welding (FSW) process forlinear welding of two parts by transparency welding using a weldingsystem of the type described above, wherein:

-   -   said parts are superimposed:    -   the counter-bearing unit includes two clamp rollers set apart        from each other and which have a common axis of revolution which        is orthogonal to said first direction (or “direction of        penetration”) and to said second direction (or “direction of        welding”), where each of said clamp rollers has a main        circumferential track which forms at least a part of said        support surface.    -   the rotating pin of each welding head of said welding device is        plunged at least partially into a first of said parts by passing        completely through the second part, then said rotating pin is        moved in said second direction along a contact interface between        the said parts, thanks to local softening of the material        forming said parts caused by the heat induced by the friction of        said rotating pin, so as to form a weld bead;    -   the support surface of said counter-bearing unit is pressed        against said first part and is moved on the latter along said        contact interface so as to counteract the pressure exerted by        the rotating pin of each welding head of said welding device,        during the movement of the rotating pin along said second        direction.

This process naturally exhibits the advantages of the system describedabove in terms of mobility of the aforementioned support surface and interms of reduced requirements for dimensional precision of the supportsurface and for prior adjustment of the parts to be assembled.

The rotating pin of each welding head has an axis of rotation which islocally orthogonal to the contact interface between the parts to beassembled.

The aforementioned first part is, for example, the flange of astiffener, whilst the aforementioned second part is, for example, apanel, in particular of an aircraft, such as a fuselage panel.

As explained above, said support surface is preferably entirely formedby the respective main circumferential tracks of the clamp rollers.

Furthermore, said movement of said support surface is preferablyachieved by means of movement of said clamp rollers along said contactinterface by implementing rolling of said main circumferential tracks onsaid first part causing a rotation of each of the clamp rollers aroundits axis of revolution.

Preferentially the clamp rollers are made to move towards each other sothat the two respective side-walls of these clamp rollers sandwich aportion of said first part.

The clamp rollers can thus in particular sandwich the web of a stiffenerusing their respective two side-walls whilst exerting a support force onthe flange of the stiffener by means of their respective meancircumferential tracks, during welding of this flange onto a panel.

Preferentially the clamp rollers each have a circumferential shoulderpressed against an edge of said first part.

This allows the softened material forming said first part to beconfined, thus preventing this part being deformed under the pressureexerted by each welding head and by said support surface.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, each said clamp roller hasa secondary circumferential track connected to said main circumferentialtrack of the clamp roller through said circumferential shoulder of thisclamp roller.

The secondary circumferential track of each clamp roller is pressedagainst said second part and rolls on the latter as the clamp rollermoves along said contact interface.

This optimises the integrity of the confinement of the material that isachieved by the shoulder of each clamp roller.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, said welding systemincludes a non-destructive inspection device carried by the welding unitand/or a non-destructive inspection device carried by thecounter-bearing unit, and each non-destructive inspection device ismoved in a manner which is synchronised with and delayed in relation toeach welding head of said welding device, in order to carry out anon-destructive inspection of said weld bead.

The quality inspection of the weld bead may therefore be integrated intothe welding process itself, and may thus be carried out automaticallyand rapidly.

The non-destructive inspection device is preferably arranged betweensaid so-called “main” welding device and a second so-called “repair”welding device, carried by the welding unit.

In this case, said second welding device is kept inactive as long as thenon-destructive inspection device does not show any defects in the weldbead, and said second welding device is activated when thenon-destructive inspection device detects a defect in the weld bead, soas to undertake local re-work of the welding of said parts.

The second welding device thus allows repairs of defective areas of theweld bead to be made without the need for the main welding device whichmade the weld bead having to return in a reverse direction.

Said welding system advantageously includes an anti-corrosion treatmentdevice carried by the welding unit and/or an anti-corrosion treatmentdevice carried by the counter-bearing unit.

In this case each anti-corrosion treatment device preferable moves in amanner which is synchronised with and delayed in relation to eachwelding device of the welding unit and, if appropriate, delayed inrelation to the non-destructive inspection device which forms part ofthe same component, whether welding unit or counter-bearing unit, so asto apply anti-corrosion treatment to the weld bead.

If appropriate this anti-corrosion treatment is thus applied afterinspection and any repairs to the weld bead.

In general terms it should be noted that the process according to theinvention can simultaneously carry out butt welding and transparencywelding. In other words, this process can butt weld two adjacent partswhilst simultaneously welding a third part onto respective adjacent endportions of the two adjacent parts.

In one particularly advantageous application of the process according tothe invention, said first part is a stiffener for an aircraft and saidsecond part is a panel for an aircraft, or an assembly of two adjacentpanels, whereon said stiffener is transparency welded.

Such a panel may be a fuselage panel and said stiffener may be acircumferential frame or an angular segment of such a circumferentialframe.

In this case the movement of said support surface is achieved overallalong a curved trajectory.

The flange of such a circumferential frame exhibits, for example, acylindrical revolution form, or a portion of a revolution cylinder.

In this case the movement of said support surface is achieved overallalong a trajectory which is circular, or an arc of a circle, centred ona fuselage axis defined by said fuselage panel.

A fuselage panel for an aircraft exhibits an external surface which isdefined as being the surface designed to be located on the external sideof the aircraft and to be washed by the relative airflow flowing alongthe fuselage in flight, and an internal surface located on the oppositeside. The aforementioned circumferential frame is naturally welded ontothe internal surface of the fuselage panel.

In the case where the process involves welding such a circumferentialframe onto two adjacent fuselage panels, the joint produced at the endof the process is of the type widely known as an “orbital joint”

Alternatively, said stiffener may be a longitudinal stiffener, alsoknown as a stringer.

In this case the movement of said support surface may be carried outalong a substantially rectilinear trajectory, in particular when thefuselage panel is intended for a length of fuselage section locatedbetween the nose cone and tail cone of an aircraft.

In yet another alternative the panel may be an aerodynamic panel of awing-surface element of an aircraft such as an aircraft wing or tailassembly.

In this case the stiffener involved may be a spar or a rib of such anelement of an aircraft.

In yet another alternative the panel may be a panel which forms part ofthe floor of an aircraft, in which case the stiffener may be across-member supporting such a floor or a rail for guiding seats to befitted onto such a floor.

In yet another alternative the panel may form part of an aircraftlanding-gear enclosure or form the base of a storage tank in anaircraft.

In all these applications involving a stiffener and a panel for anaircraft, it may be particularly advantageous for said weld bead toextend in cross-section from a first side edge to a second opposite sideedge of said stiffener flange.

This enables the welding process to prevent micro-cavities occurringbetween the flange of the stiffener and the panel, thus reducing therisk of corrosion of these parts whilst ensuring optimum cohesion of theassembly obtained at the end of the process.

In this case the welding process preferably includes the use of awelding system which includes multiple welding heads, each of whichincludes a rotating pin as well as a shoulder extending to the base ofthe rotating pin.

Preferentially the footprint formed by all the respective rotary pins ofsaid welding heads substantially extends in cross-section from the firstside edge to the second side edge of the flange of the stiffener.

The term “substantially” it is to be understood as meaning that thefootprint extends up to a distance of less than 0.2 mm from each lateraledge of the stiffener flange.

The term “footprint” is to be understood as meaning the mark that wouldbe produced in the material by inserting the rotating pins into thismaterial independently of any stirring phenomena caused by the rotationof said pins.

Preferentially each of the rotating pins penetrates the flange of thestiffener to a depth which is 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm from the surface of theflange located on the side away from the welding heads.

This reduces the risk of the rotating pins making contact with saidsupport surface of the counter-bearing unit.

Said multiple welding heads advantageously include three welding headsarranged in a triangular configuration.

Such a configuration of welding heads is particularly well suited to theformation of weld beads which cover the entire width of the aircraftstiffener flanges.

In this case said multiple welding heads preferably include two lateralwelding heads centred in relation to a given plane orthogonal to saidsecond direction or direction of welding, as well as a central weldinghead offset in said direction of welding in relation to each of saidlateral welding heads.

Preferentially the projection of the rotating pin of the central weldinghead in the direction of welding intercepts the respective rotating pinsof the lateral welding heads.

This characteristic guarantees a certain degree of overlap between onthe one hand the footprint of the rotating pin of the central weldinghead and on the other hand the respective footprints of the respectiverotating pins of the lateral welding heads. This in particular optimisesthe homogeneity of the weld bead.

Preferentially a first of said welding heads is positioned facing a webof the stiffener whilst the other two welding heads are offset inrelation to said stiffener web, and the rotating pin of said firstwelding head does not penetrate into said stiffener flange so deeply asthe respective rotating pins of the other two welding heads.

This configuration reduces the risk of damage to the critical structuralparts of the stiffener located close to the web of the latter.

In particular said first welding head may be said central welding head.

This configuration is particularly suitable when the stiffener includesa web which is substantially central in relation to the flange of thisstiffener.

Furthermore said welding heads advantageously move in a direction suchthat said central welding head is arranged to the rear of said lateralwelding heads.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be more readily understood and other of its details,advantages and characteristics will appear on reading the followingdescription, which is given only as a non-restrictive example, whilstreferring to the appended drawings wherein:

FIG. 1, which has already been described, is a partial perspectivediagrammatic view of two parts being butt welded by a friction stirwelding technique;

FIG. 2, which has already been described, is a perspective diagrammaticview of two parts being butt welded by a friction stir weldingtechnique, also showing a counter-form for supporting both parts;

FIG. 3, which has already been described, is a longitudinal sectiondiagrammatic view of a circumferential frame fixed onto an aircraftfuselage panel using a known type of friction stir welding technique;

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic side view of a welding installation includingseveral welding systems according to a preferred embodiment of theinvention for the assembly of aircraft circumferential frames andfuselage panels;

FIG. 5 is a transverse section diagrammatic view, along plane V-V ofFIG. 4, of the welding installation in FIG. 4, showing a welding systembelonging to this welding installation;

FIG. 6 is a partial diagrammatic view, on a larger scale and inlongitudinal section along plane VI-VI of FIG. 5, of the welding systemin FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic view on a larger scale of a portion of FIG. 5in section along plane VII-VII of FIG. 5;

FIG. 8 is a partial perspective diagrammatic view of an aircraftfuselage panel and of two circumferential frames fixed to the former,showing the passage of welding heads on this panel;

FIG. 9 is a partial diagrammatic side view of a welding installationwhich includes a welding system according to another embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 10 is a partial diagrammatic side view of a welding installationwhich includes a welding system according to yet another embodiment ofthe invention.

In all these figures, identical references can designate identical oranalogous elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 4 shows a general view of a friction stir welding installation 40designed to implement a friction stir welding process of the “bytransparency” type for assembling circumferential frames onto aircraftfuselage panels, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of theinvention.

This FIG. 4 in particular shows five circumferential frames 22 each ofwhich is fixed to a support 42 for example by means of two centring pins44 respectively passing into two centring holes in the circumferentialframe 22, where the latter may be retained, for example, by means ofpins which operate in conjunction with the centring pins 44.

A skin formed by an aircraft fuselage panel 24 is applied onto theexternal surface of the flange 26 of each of the circumferential frames22.

In addition four welding systems 46 are arranged side-by-side oppositethe support 42 which holds the circumferential frames 22 and thefuselage panel 24. For the purposes of clarity, the four welding systems46 are shown longitudinally offset in relation to the circumferentialframes 22, but during the operation of this welding installation 40 eachof the welding systems 46 is arranged substantially facing acorresponding circumferential frame 22.

FIG. 5 shows the welding installation 40 in section along plane V-V ofFIG. 4 and thus shows one of these welding systems 46 viewed from theside.

This welding system 46 overall includes a welding unit 48 and a countersupport unit 50, arranged opposite each other on either side of thesupport 42 carrying the circumferential frames 22 and the fuselage panel24.

The welding unit 48 takes the form of a robot which includes at one endof a robotic arm 52 a welding device 54 provided with multiple weldingheads, as will become clearer in what is to follow.

The welding unit 48 is designed so as to allow, in particular, movementof the welding device 54 in the plane of FIG. 5 along thecircumferential frame 22, along a local direction of welding 56tangential to the fuselage panel 24.

The welding unit 48 is in addition designed so as to allow the weldingdevice 54 to move in direction in which the respective rotating pins ofthe welding heads of this welding device penetrate the material formingthe fuselage panel 24 and the circumferential frame 22, as will becomeclearer in what is to follow. This penetration direction is representedby arrow 57 and is parallel to the line forming the intersection of theplane of FIG. 5 and of plane VI-VI that can be seen in FIG. 5. Bydefinition this penetration direction 57 is normal to the externalsurface of the fuselage panels 24 and is therefore orthogonal to theaforementioned welding direction 56.

The counter-bearing unit 50 also takes the form of a robot equipped witha robotic arm 58. This latter has an extremity equipped with two supportarms 60 arranged on either side of the web 30 of the circumferentialframe 22, with only one of these support arms 60 being visible in FIG.5. These support arms 60 each hold a clamp roller 62 as well as a guideroller 64, as will become clearer in what is to follow.

FIG. 6 shows in greater detail the main elements used to implement thefriction stir welding process using the welding installation 40.

As shown in FIG. 6, the welding device 54 includes three welding headsarranged as a triangle (FIG. 6). These welding heads are distributed astwo lateral welding heads 54 a and a central welding head 54 b, wherethe latter is offset towards the rear relative to the lateral weldingheads 54 a (the rear being defined along the direction of welding 56),as is more clearly shown in FIG. 7.

Each of the three aforementioned welding heads 54 a, 54 b includes arotating pin 66 a, 66 b (FIGS. 6 and 7), which rotates about a rotationaxis 68 a, 68 b, which is substantially orthogonal to the direction ofwelding 56 and therefore also substantially normal to the external 70and internal surfaces 72 of the fuselage panel 24. Each of the threewelding heads 54 a, 54 b includes in addition a shoulder 74 a, 74 bformed at the base of the corresponding rotating pin 66 a, 66 b. Thisshoulder 74 a, 74 b can rotate in the same or opposite direction to thedirection of rotation of the corresponding rotating pin 66 a, 66 b, oreven be static, in a manner which is known per se. Each rotating pin 66a, 66 b has an overall tapering form, so that the cross-section of eachrotating pin decreases in the direction of the free end of the rotatingpin, that is, of the side opposite the corresponding shoulder 74 a, 74b. The maximum diameter Dmax (FIG. 7) is defined for each rotating pinas being the diameter of the cross-section of the pin where the latteris widest, which is at the base of the rotating pin next to thecorresponding shoulder 74 a, 74 b.

Naturally the welding unit 48 includes drive motor means allowing therotating pins 66 a, 66 b to rotate, and if appropriate allowing theshoulders 74 a, 74 b to rotate.

The respective shoulders 74 a, 74 b of the aforementioned welding headsextend in the same plane. These shoulders 74 a, 74 b may thus be pressedsimultaneously onto the external surface 70 of the fuselage panel 24, asFIGS. 6 and 7 show.

The respective rotating pins 66 a of the lateral welding heads 54 a havea height which is slightly less than the cumulative thickness of thefuselage panel 24 and of the flange 26 of the circumferential frame 22.The difference between the height of these rotating pins 66 a and thecumulative thickness of the fuselage panel 24 and of the flange 26 istypically of the order of a few tenths of a millimeter, preferablybetween 0.2 and 0.5 mm. The term “height” of the rotating pins naturallyrefers to their length along their axis of rotation.

Furthermore the rotating pin 66 b of the central welding head 54 b has aheight less than that of the respective rotating pins 66 a of lateralwelding heads 54 a, but greater than the thickness of the fuselage panel24. The difference in height between on the one hand the rotating pin 66b and on the other hand the rotating pins 66 a is typically of the orderof a few tenths of a millimeter, preferably between 0.2 mm and 0.5 mm.

In general terms the three rotating pins 66 a, 66 b are arranged so thatthe projection of the rotating pin 66 b of the central welding head 54b, perpendicular to a plane P (FIG. 7) passing through the respectiveaxes of rotations 68 a of said respective rotating pins 66 a of lateralwelding heads 54 a in the direction of the latter, intercepts theselatter rotating pins 66 a (FIG. 6). Furthermore, the width of theassembly formed by the three rotating pins 66 a, 66 b is substantiallyequal to the width of the flange 26 of the circumferential frame 22.This guarantees that the weld bead obtained using the welding unitmanages to cover the entire width of the aforementioned flange 26, aswill become clearer in what is to follow.

The FIG. 6 shows in addition an end part of each of the support arms 60,which includes the clamp roller 62 and the guide roller 64 carried bythe support arm 60.

Each clamp roller 62 is fitted so that it rotates on the correspondingsupport arm 60 around an axis of rotation 76 which also forms an axisfor a geometric revolution of the roller.

The clamp rollers 62 have respective side-walls 78 designed to beapplied respectively against the two sides of the web 30 of thecircumferential frame 22. In this way the web 30 of the circumferentialframe 22 may be sandwiched between the respective side-walls 78 of clamprollers 62 as shown in FIG. 6. To this end the robotic arm 58 of thecounter-bearing unit 50 includes means for operating the support arms 60which can cause each support arm 60 to move towards the other supportarm 60 and thus move said clamp rollers 62 towards each other.

Each clamp roller 62 has in addition a main circumferential track 80which is cylindrical in form and which revolves around the axis ofrotation 76, extending from the side-wall 78 of the clamp roller 62 anddesigned to be pressed against the inner surface of the flange 26 of thecircumferential frame 22, as shown in FIG. 6.

The side-wall 78 of each clamp roller 62 is connected to thecorresponding main circumferential track 80 by a curved circumferentialpart 81 designed to fit against the curved surface which connects thecorresponding side of the web 30 of the circumferential frame 22 to theflange 26 of the latter.

The respective main circumferential tracks 80 of the two clamp rollers62 in combination form a support surface on the flange 26 of thecircumferential frame 22, in the terminology belonging to the invention.

Furthermore each clamp roller 62 has a circumferential shoulder 82 whichdefines one end of the main circumferential track 80 of the clamp rolleron the side facing the side-wall 78 of the latter. This circumferentialshoulder 82 is connected to a secondary circumferential track 84 of theclamp roller which extends to an end face 85 of this clamp roller 62defined on the side facing the side-wall 78 of the latter. The secondarycircumferential track 84 is intended to be substantially in contact withthe internal surface 72 of the fuselage panel 24 as shown in FIG. 6. Tothis end the circumferential shoulder 82 of each clamp roller 62 has awidth that is substantially equal to the thickness of the flange 26 ofthe circumferential frame 22.

It should be noted that the main 80 and secondary 84 circumferentialtracks of each clamp roller may be of a cylindrical or tapered form.

The clamp rollers 62 in addition include a cooling device. Each of theseclamp rollers thus includes a substantially annular channel C1 centredon the axis of rotation 76 of the clamp roller 76, and has an end whichis connected to an inlet channel C2 and an opposite end which isconnected to an outlet channel (not shown in the figure). Said inlet andoutlet channels open onto the end face 85 of the clamp roller and arerespectively connected to a supply pipe C3 and to an outlet pipe (notshown in the figure) which are arranged in the corresponding support arm60 and which are connected to a heat exchanger (not shown) used to coolthe heat-transfer fluid.

Furthermore each guide roller 64 is fitted so that it can rotate arounda respective axis of rotation 86 which is orthogonal to the axis ofrotation 76 of the corresponding clamp roller 62.

Each guide roller 64 has a circumferential guide track 88 which iscylindrical in form and which revolves around the axis of rotation 86 ofthe guide roller 64, and which is designed to be pressed against acorresponding surface of the flange 30 of the circumferential frame 22.

The friction stir welding process used to weld a circumferential frame22 onto a fuselage panel 24 using one of the welding systems 46 of thewelding installation 40 will now be described in further detail, withreference to FIGS. 5 to 8.

This process firstly involves pre-positioning of the welding unit 48 andof the counter-bearing unit 50 of the welding system 46 in such a waythat these elements be facing a circumferential frame 22. If necessarythis pre-positioning may be achieved by moving the welding system 46 ofthe welding installation 40 and/or by moving the support 42 carrying thecircumferential frames 22 and the fuselage panel 24.

The process then involves positioning of the respective rotating pins 66a, 66 b of the three welding heads 54 a, 54 b perpendicular to theflange 26 of the circumferential frame 22. Because of the layout of thethree rotating pins 66 a, 66 b, the projection of the assembly formed bythese three rotating pins in the penetration direction 57 thensubstantially intercepts the entire width of said flange 26. Thispositioning may be achieved by an operation of the robotic arm 52 of thewelding unit 48.

The process then involves an operation of the welding unit 48, inparticular of the robotic arm 52, so as to bring the free ends of therotating pins 66 a, 66 b into contact with the external surface of thefuselage panel 24.

The process also includes positioning of each clamp roller 62 of thecounter-bearing unit 50 so that the side-wall 78 of each clamp roller 62is pressed against the web 30 of the circumferential frame 22 and sothat the main circumferential track 80 of each clamp roller 62 ispressed against the flange 26 of the circumferential frame 22. Inparticular each clamp roller 62 is positioned such that its axis ofrotation 76 is locally parallel to the fuselage panels 24 and orthogonalto the directions of welding 56 and of penetration 57. The positioningof the clamp rollers 62 may be achieved by operating the counter-bearingunit 50, in particular the robotic arm 58.

In this position of the clamp rollers 62, illustrated in FIG. 6, theaxis of rotation 76 of each clamp roller 62 is orthogonal to the web 30of the circumferential frame 22 whilst the axis of rotation 86 of eachguide roller 64 is parallel to the aforementioned web 30. Furthermorethe circumferential shoulder 82 of each clamp roller 62 is pressedagainst the lateral edge of the flange 26 of the circumferential frame22 (FIG. 6) and the circumferential track 88 of each guide roller 64 ispressed against the web 30 of the circumferential frame 22.

In general terms the clamp rollers 62 are in addition placed facing thewelding device 54. In the example shown the positioning of the clamprollers 62 is such that each of the clamp rollers 62 is intercepted bythe axis of rotation 68 a of the rotating pin 66 a of one of the lateralwelding heads 54 a (FIGS. 6 and 7). More specifically, the axis ofrevolution 76 of each of the clamp rollers 62 is offset slightlyforwards in relation to the axis of rotation 68 a of the correspondingrotating pin 66 a, so that the projection of this axis of revolution 76of each of the clamp rollers 62 in parallel to the axis of rotation 68 aof said clamp roller nevertheless intercepts the latter.

The process involves making the rotating pins 66 a, 66 b rotate, and ifappropriate making the associated shoulders 74 a, 74 b rotate, theninserting the rotating pins into the material which forms the fuselagepanel 24 then also into the material forming the flange 26 of thecircumferential frame 22. This insertion is made possible by localsoftening of the material, caused by the friction of the rotating pins,according to the well-known principle of friction stir welding.

The process then involves operating the welding unit 48, in particularthe robotic arm 52, so that the welding heads 54 a, 54 b move along thecircumferential frame 22, preferably in such a manner that the rotatingpins 66 a, 66 b cover the entire flange 26 of this circumferential frame22.

During the movement of the welding heads 54 a, 54 b, the rapid rotationof the rotating pins 66 a, 66 b produces, around each of these rotatingpins, stirring of the locally softened material which forms the fuselagepanel 24 as well as the flange 26. Because of the layout of the threerotating pins 66 a, 66 b, the region of stirred material extends fromone lateral edge 32 a to the other 32 b of said flange 26. In theexample shown the footprint of all three rotating pins 68 a, 68 bcovers, in cross-section, the entire aforementioned flange 26 duringmovement of the welding heads 54 a, 54 b. This means that the footprintextends from one lateral edge 32 a to the other 32 b of the flange 26.The term “footprint” is to be understood to mean the mark that would beproduced in the material by inserting the rotating pins 66 a, 66 b intothis material independently of any stirring phenomena caused by therotation of said pins.

In addition and still during the movement of the welding heads 54 a, 54b, due to the limited height of the rotating pin 66 b of the centralwelding head 54 b as explained above, this latter rotating pin 66 b doesnot reach the curved surfaces of the circumferential frame 22 which arerespectively in contact with the respective curved circumferential parts81 of the clamp rollers 62, and which respectively connect the faces ofthe web 30 of the circumferential frame 22 to the flange 26 of thelatter. The integrity of these curved surfaces of the circumferentialframe 22 can therefore be preserved.

Furthermore, the respective rotating pins 66 a of the lateral weldingheads 54 a do not reach the respective main circumferential tracks 80 ofthe clamp rollers 62, due to the limited height of these rotating pins66 a, as explained above.

At the same time, the counter-bearing unit 50 is operated so as toachieve a rolling motion of the clamp rollers 62 over the internalsurface of the flange 26 of the circumferential frame 22 and over theinternal surface 72 of the fuselage panel 24, in a manner which issynchronised with the movement of the welding device 54, so that theclamp rollers 62 continuously exert a support substantially opposing thepressure exerted by the assembly of respective rotating pins 66 a, 66 bof the welding heads 54 a, 54 b as shown in FIG. 7.

The clamp rollers 62 in addition play a part in the confinement andconformation of the softened material by fitting against the section ofthe flange 26 of the circumferential frame 22. The circumferentialshoulder 82 of each of the clamp rollers 62 is in particular used toretain the material on each side of said flange 26.

In combination with the movement of clamp rollers 62 the guide rollers64 respectively roll over both faces of the web 30 of thecircumferential frame 22 and thus contribute to centring thiscircumferential frame 22 in relation to the fuselage panel 24.

At the end of the welding process, after cooling, the material that waspreviously stirred regains its rigidity and forms a weld bead 90 (FIG.8) which provides full cohesion between the flange 26 of thecircumferential frame 22 and the fuselage panel 24. This weld bead 90corresponds to the region of material that was previously stirred andtherefore covers the entire width of the flange 26 of thecircumferential frame 22.

The process described above corresponds to the work of one of thewelding systems 46 in the installation 40. Naturally the other weldingsystems 46 can carry out the same process in parallel.

It should be noted that the process described above can also be appliedto the welding of a circumferential frame simultaneously onto twoadjacent fuselage panels. In this case the process jointly carries outbutt welding of the two adjacent panels and transparency welding of thecircumferential frame onto the adjacent ends of said panels.

FIG. 9 shows a welding system 46 according to another embodiment of theinvention, wherein the welding unit 48 includes in addition anon-destructive inspection device 92 as well as an anti-corrosiontreatment device 94 which are carried by the robotic arm 52 and whichmay each be of a conventional type. The non-destructive inspectiondevice 92 is, for example, an ultrasound inspection device.

During the implementation of the welding process, the welding unit ispositioned so that the non-destructive inspection device 92 is arrangedso that there is a delay, that is to say, it is to the rear in relationto the welding device 54 and in such a way that the anti-corrosiontreatment device 94 is arranged so that there is a delay, that is to sayit is to the rear in relation to the non-destructive inspection device92, allowing for the direction of welding 56.

In this way the non-destructive inspection device 92 is used to inspectthe quality of the weld bead 90 automatically and immediately after itis formed.

In the event of a defect being detected, the welding process thenincludes a reverse motion of the welding device 54, then a re-work ofthe weld starting from the defect zone of the weld bead 90.

Furthermore the anti-corrosion treatment device 94 can be used to applyan anti-corrosion treatment onto the external surface of the fuselagepanel 24 at the weld bead 90, immediately after the quality inspectionby the latter when the inspection reveals no defects.

Alternatively or in a complementary manner a non-destructive inspectiondevice and/or an anti-corrosion device may be fitted to the robotic arm58 of the counter-bearing unit 50 in order to act on the flange 26 ofthe circumferential frame 22.

In addition, the example in FIG. 9 shows another configuration of clamprollers and of guide rollers.

In effect the counter-bearing unit 50 in FIG. 9 includes not only thetwo clamp rollers 62 described above but also two additional clamprollers 96 arranged to the rear of the clamp rollers 62, allowing forthe direction of welding 56, and which are similar to the latter. Theseadditional clamp rollers 96 are also pressed against the internalsurface of the flange 26 of the circumferential frame 22.

The counter-bearing unit 50 includes two guide rollers 64′ whose axes ofrotation 86′ are parallel to the respective axes of rotation 76 and 76′of the clamp rollers 62 and 96. These guide rollers 64′ are pressed ontothe internal surface of the runner 98 of the circumferential frame 22.It should be noted that this runner 98 can be seen more clearly in FIGS.6 and 8.

Furthermore, in another embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 10,the welding unit 48 in addition includes a repair device formed by asecond welding device 100, preferably similar to the welding device 54described above, but arranged between the non-destructive inspectiondevice 92 and the anti-corrosion treatment device 94.

This second welding device 100 is kept inactive as long as thenon-destructive inspection device 92 does not detect any defect, and isactivated following the detection of any defect. In this case theprocess then includes re-work of the weld in the defect zone of theweld-bead 90 by means of the second welding device 100. At the end ofthis re-work of the defect zone, the process continues normally usingthe welding device 54.

The second welding device 100 thus avoids any reverse motion of thewelding device 54 in the event of a defect being detected in the weldbead 90 by means of the non-destructive inspection device 92. This makesthe welding process even more rapid.

In the preceding description, an example of the welding processaccording to the invention and of an installation allowing this processto be implemented have been described as far as the welding of acircumferential frame onto an aircraft fuselage panel is concerned.

It should be noted that the invention can be applied to the welding ofother parts, in particular to the welding of longitudinal stiffeners,spars or cross-members.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A friction stir welding process for linearwelding of a first part to a second part by transparency welding, usinga friction stir welding system, which includes: a welding unit whichincludes a welding device which includes at least one welding headprovided with a rotating pin; a counter-bearing unit which offers asupport surface designed to support the first and second parts against apressure exerted by the welding head; and wherein: the welding head ismovable relative to the support surface of the counter-bearing unit, ina first direction parallel to an axis of rotation of the rotating pin ofthe welding head: the welding head is movable in a second directionwhich is orthogonal to the axis of rotation of the rotating pin of thewelding head; the counter-bearing unit configured for moving the supportsurface along the second direction; wherein the counter-bearing unitincludes two clamp rollers set apart from each other and which have acommon axis of revolution which is substantially orthogonal to the firstdirection and orthogonal to the second direction, where each of theclamp rollers has a main circumferential track which forms at least onepart of the support surface; wherein: the first part is a flange of astiffener, and the second part is a panel; the first and second partsare superimposed; wherein the friction stir welding process comprises:operating the welding unit in front of the second part such that therotating pin of each welding head of the welding device is plunged atleast partially into the first part while passing entirely through thesecond part, and then such that the rotating pin is moved in the seconddirection, along a contact interface between the first and second parts,as a result of local softening of the material forming the parts causedby the heat induced by friction of the rotating pin, so as to form aweld bead; operating the counter-bearing unit in front of the first partsuch that the two clamp rollers are positioned on either side of a webof the stiffener whereby the support surface of the counter-bearing unitis pressed against the first part and is moved over the latter along thecontact interface so as to counteract the pressure exerted by therotating pin of each welding head of the welding device, during movementof the rotating pin along the second direction, wherein movement of thesupport surface is achieved by the clamp rollers moving along thecontact interface by implementing rolling of the main circumferentialtracks on the first part causing a rotation of each of the clamp rollersaround its axis of revolution, and wherein the clamp rollers each have acircumferential shoulder pressed onto an edge of the first part; theclamp rollers each have a secondary circumferential track connected tothe main circumferential track of the clamp roller by thecircumferential shoulder of the clamp roller; and the secondarycircumferential track of each clamp roller is pressed against the secondpart and rolls on the latter as the clamp roller moves along the contactinterface.
 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the clamprollers are made to move towards each other so that two respectiveside-walls of the clamp rollers sandwich the web of the stiffener. 3.The process according to claim 1, wherein: the welding system includes anon-destructive inspection device carried by the welding unit and/or anon-destructive inspection device carried by the counter-bearing unit;each non-destructive inspection device is moved in a manner which issynchronized with and delayed in relation to each welding head of thewelding device, so as to carry out a non-destructive inspection of theweld bead.
 4. The process according to claim 3, wherein: thenon-destructive inspection device is arranged between the welding deviceand a second welding device carried by the welding unit; the secondwelding device is kept inactive as long as the non-destructiveinspection device reveals no defect in the weld bead; the second weldingdevice is activated when the non-destructive inspection device detects adefect of the weld bead, so as to locally re-work the welding of theparts.
 5. The process according to claim 1, wherein: the welding systemincludes an anti-corrosion treatment device carried by the welding unitand/or an anti-corrosion treatment device carried by the counter-bearingunit; each anti-corrosion treatment device moves in a manner which issynchronized with and delayed in relation to each welding device of thewelding unit and, if appropriate, delayed in relation to thenon-destructive inspection device which forms part of the samecomponent, whether welding unit or counter-bearing unit, so as to applyanti-corrosion treatment to the weld bead.